Army Field Manual 30 31b

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U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B is a forged document claiming to be a classified appendix to a U.S. Army Field Manual that describes top secret counter insurgency tactics. In particular, it identifies a 'strategy of tension' involving violent attacks which are then blamed on radical left-wing groups in order to convince allied governments of the need for counter-action. It has been called the Westmoreland Field Manual because it is signed with the alleged signature of General William Westmoreland.[1] It was labelled as supplement B (hence '30-31B'), although the publicly released version of FM30-31 only has one appendix, Supplement A.[2][3][4][5][6]

Army field manual fm 30-31b A. Date, Place and Method of Surfacing. -- A Turkish newspaper, 'Baris,' mentioned a field manual FM 30-31 (which actually exists) in its 24 March 1975 edition, but did not reprint a facsimile of the document. In 1948 they installed the murderous dictator Syngman Rhee as president of South Korea. He remained president until 1960 and was followed by a succession of military dictators ( while the US President was commander-in-chief of the South Korean army ) until South Korea started to move in the direction of parliamentary democracy in the later '80's. Army Field Manual 30-31B is an alleged classified appendix to a U.S. Army Field Manual that describes top secret counter insurgency tactics. In particular, it identifies a 'strategy of tension' involving violent attacks which are then blamed on radical left-wing groups in order to convince allied governments of the need for counter-action, it has been called the Westmoreland Field Manual. The document FM 30-31B is dated 18 March 1970, Headquarters of the US Army, Washington DC, and signed by General of the US Army William C Westmoreland. [21] Allan Frankovich, Gladio: The Foot Soldiers.

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Intelligence scholar Peer Henrik Hansen and the U.S. government claim the document as a forgery by Soviet intelligence services.[3][4][5][6] The document first appeared in Turkey in the 1970s, before being circulated to other countries. It was also used at the end of the 1970s to implicate the Central Intelligence Agency in the Red Brigades' kidnapping and assassination of former Italianprime ministerAldo Moro.[7][citation needed]

History[edit]

The first mention of the document was in the Turkish newspaper Barış (sometimes anglicized to Barish), in 1975.[5][8]

A facsimile copy of FM30-31B then appeared a year later in Bangkok, Thailand,[5] and in various capitals of north African states.[8] In 1978, it appeared in various European magazines, including the Spanish Triunfo and El Pais.[5][8] The Italian press picked up the Triunfo publication, and a copy was published in the October 1978 issue of L'Europeo.[5]

A wide range of field manuals, including 30-31, can be accessed through websites that catalog U.S. field manuals. However, 30-31B is not among the field manuals published by the military.[9]

The 'Westmoreland Field Manual' was mentioned in at least two parliamentary commissions reports of European countries, one about the Italian Propaganda Due masonic lodge,[10] and one about the Belgian stay-behind network. The latter says that 'the commission has not any certainty about the authenticity of the document'.[11]

At a 1980 hearing of the House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence, Subcommittee of Oversight, CIA officials testified that the document was a singularly effective forgery by the KGB and an example of Soviet covert action.[12] According to Elizabeth Pond of The Christian Science Monitor, in discussing the relative effectiveness of 'disinformation', 'forgeries .. have been used by the Soviets since soon after the 1917 revolution.'[7]

Authenticity[edit]

U.S. official sources, including the U.S. House Intelligence Committee,[3] and the U.S. State Department,[2] state that it is a forgery. Peer Henrik Hansen, a scholar specializing in Cold War intelligence and stay-behind missions,[13] also affirms that the document is a forgery.[6]

The discovery in the early-1990s of Operation Gladio (NATO stay-behind networks) in Europe led to renewed debate as to whether or not the manual was fraudulent. According to Daniele Ganser who popularized the history of Gladio stay-behind networks, Licio Gelli, the Italian leader of the anti-Communist P2freemasonlodge told the BBC's Allan Francovich in the second of a three-part documentary, shown on BBC 2 on June 24, 1992, 'The CIA gave it to me' and Ray S. Cline, 'This is an authentic document'.[14][15] In the same documentary, Oswald LeWinter says that 'if it's not authentic, then you need to ask somebody 'what is it doing in the classified manual section of most field-manual libraries?'. LeWinter is known for a long history of false claims in unrelated but often sensational cases, fabrication of documents and impersonation of government officials such as Marine Corps (1953), Police detective and diplomat (1971) and various different kinds of CIA personnel (1980s-90s).[16]

Ganser's work has been heavily criticized by Western scholars,[17] who have characterized it by some as a conspiracy theory.[6][18]:1064-1068

References[edit]

  1. ^Rowland Evans, Robert Novak (20 February 1979). ''Dirty tricks' by Russians seen as spur'. Lawrence Journal-World. p. 4.
  2. ^ ab'Misinformation about 'Gladio/Stay Behind' Networks Resurfaces' (Press release). United States Department of State. 2006-01-20. Archived from the original on 2008-03-28. Retrieved 2007-06-24. A thirty year-old Soviet forgery has been cited as one of the central pieces of 'evidence' for the false notion that West European 'stay-behind' networks engaged in terrorism, allegedly at U.S. instigation. This is not true, and those researching the 'stay behind' networks need to be more discriminating in evaluating the trustworthiness of their source material.
  3. ^ abc'House Intelligence Committee Begins Inquiry into Allegations of Forgeries'. Washington Post. 1979-01-17.
  4. ^ abU.S. House. Hearings Before the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. Soviet Active Measures. 97th Congress, 2nd session. July 13, 14, 1982.
  5. ^ abcdefU.S. House. Hearings Before the Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence. Soviet Covert Action (The Forgery Offense). 96th Congress, 2nd session. February 6, 19, 1980.
  6. ^ abcdPeer Henrik Hansen (2005). 'A Review of: 'Falling Flat on the Stay-Behinds''. International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence. 19 (1): 182–186. doi:10.1080/08850600500332656.
  7. ^ abElizabeth Pond (1985-02-28). 'The West Wakes Up to the Dangers of Misinformation'. Christian Science Monitor.
  8. ^ abcFernando Gonzalez (1978-09-23). 'Top Secret, Documentos secretos del Pentágono (FM 30-31 B)'. Triunfo. pp. 28–32.'Top Secret, Documentos secretos del Pentágono (FM 30-31 B)'. Triunfo Digital. Retrieved 2008-05-02.
  9. ^Department of Army, Headquarters (May 1961). 'Collection of Army Field Manuals'(PDF). Approved for public distribution. Retrieved 2009-01-22.
  10. ^(in Italian)Commissione parlamentare d'inchiesta sulla loggia massonica P2: Allegati alla Relazione Doc. XXIII, n. 2-quater/7/1 Serie II, Vol. VII, Tomo I, Roma 1987, pp. 287-298
  11. ^Parlementaire Commissie (1991). 'Verslag van het parlementair onderzoek met betrekking tot het bestaan in België van een clandestien internationaal inlichtingennetwerk'(pdf). Belgian Senate: 80–82.(in Dutch)(in French)
  12. ^'Operation Gladio - 1951'.
  13. ^Informa UK (2006). ''Upstairs and Downstairs'—The Forgotten CIA Operations in Copenhagen: Author information'. International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence. 19 (4): 685–701. doi:10.1080/08850600500483715.
  14. ^Ganser, Daniele (2004). NATO's Secret Armies: Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe(PDF). London: Franck Cass. p. 235. ISBN978-0-7146-8500-7.
  15. ^Ganser, Daniele (2006). 'The CIA in Western Europe and the Abuse of Human Right'(PDF). Intelligence and National Security. 21 (5): 776. doi:10.1080/02684520600957712.
  16. ^Vernon Loeb and Bill Miller (2001-02-15). 'Tinker, Tailor, Poet, Spy? He's Played the Part of an Ex-CIA Agent for Years Now. It's a Convincing Act'. Washington Post. Retrieved 2019-03-21.
  17. ^The Intelligence Officer’s Bookshelf Hayden Peake, CIA, April 15, 2007
  18. ^Philip H. J. Davies, 'Review of NATO's Secret Armies,' The Journal of Strategic Studies, December 2005.

External links[edit]

  • Belgian parliamentary report concerning the stay-behind network, partial copy of FM 30-31B on pp. 80–82.
  • Joint resolution of the European Parliament on the Gladio affair, p. 16
  • US Field Manual 30-31B, in German
Retrieved from 'https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U.S._Army_Field_Manual_30-31B&oldid=906475303'
Italicus Express massacre
LocationSan Benedetto Val di Sambro
Coordinates44°12′29″N11°11′23″E / 44.20806°N 11.18972°ECoordinates: 44°12′29″N11°11′23″E / 44.20806°N 11.18972°E
DateAugust 4, 1974
01:23 (UTC+1)
Attack type
Bomb attack
Deaths12
48
PerpetratorsUnknown members of Ordine Nero

The Italicus Express massacre (Italian language:Strage del treno Italicus) was a terrorist bombing in Italy on a train of the public rail network.During the early hours of 4 August 1974, the bomb attack killed 12 people and wounded 48. Responsibility was claimed by the neo-fascist terrorist organization Ordine Nero.[1][2][3][4][5]

BombingEdit

The Italicus Express was a night train of the Ferrovie dello Stato on which, during the early hours of 4 August 1974, a bomb exploded killing 12 people and injuring 48. The train was travelling from Rome to Munich and having left Florence about 45 minutes earlier, was approaching the end of the long San Benedetto Val di Sambro tunnel under the Apennines. The bomb had been placed in the 5th passenger car of the train and exploded at 01:23. Under its own momentum the train reached the end of the tunnel. The effects of the explosion and subsequent fire would have been even more terrible had it remained inside the confined space of the tunnel. Former Prime Minister of Italy Aldo Moro had been on the train on 3 August, but disembarked before the train left Rome.[3][4][5]

List of victimsEdit

  • Elena Donatini
  • Nicola Buffi
  • Herbert Kotriner
  • Nunzio Russo
  • Maria Santina Carraro
  • Marco Russo
  • Tsugufumi Fukuda
  • Antidio Medaglia
  • Elena Celli
  • Raffaella Garosi
  • Wìlhelmus Jacobus Hanema
  • Silver Sirotti

Claim of responsibilityEdit

The following day, the fascist terrorist group Ordine Nero(Black Order) issued a statement in these terms:

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'We took revenge for Giancarlo Esposti. We wanted to show the nation that we can place a bomb anywhere we want, whenever and however we please. Let us see in autumn; we will drown democracy under a mountain of corpses.'

Giancarlo Esposti was killed on 30 May 1974 according to Novopress.[6] This was two days after the Piazza della Loggia bombing.

InvestigationEdit

Aurelio Fianchini, a leftist militant having just escaped from prison, told the press that the bomb was placed in the Italicus Express by Mario Tuti's subversive commando formed by Piero Malentacchi (who effectively placed the explosive in the fifth passenger car of the Italicus Express at the Firenze Santa Maria Novella railway station), Luciano Franci and Margherita Luddi. They received the order from the Italian fascist terrorist organizations Fronte Nazionale Rivoluzionario ('revolutionary national front') and Ordine Nuovo.[3]

At the time, police and intelligence knew that Mario Tuti was a subversive. A few months after the Italicus bombing, a woman denounced to judge Mario Marsili—son-in-law of Licio Gelli of the Masonic lodge Propaganda Due—that the author of the massacre was Mario Tuti. The charge was filed soon by the magistrate and the woman was interned in a mental hospital as a mythomaniac.[3]

TrialsEdit

On 24 January 1975, Mario Tuti escaped from arrest by killing police sergeant Leonardo Falco and corporal Giovanni Ceravolo, and seriously injuring corporal Arturo Rocca. He fled to France in Ajaccio, Corsica, and then relocated to the French Riviera.[7] On 16 May 1975, he was convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment in absentia, which was confirmed on 30 November 1976 in the final sentence.[7] On 27 July, Tuti was arrested by French police after a bloody confrontation in Saint-Raphaël, and was extradited to Italy for trial.[3][7]

Tuti was sentenced to a 20-year prison term for two bomb attacks which occurred respectively on 31 December 1974 and in January 1975, illegal possession of explosives and firearms, and for promoting and organizing the reconstruction of the Fascist Party.

Main stages of the Italicus massacre's trial:

31b Army Mos Requirements

  • 20 July 1983: Luciano Franci, Piero Malentacchi, Margherita Luddi and Mario Tuti are acquitted for lack of evidence; Francesco Sgrò (janitor at the University of Rome) is convicted of slander.
  • 18 December 1986: Franci and Tuti are sentenced to life imprisonment; Piero Malentacchi and Margherita Luddi are acquitted for lack of evidence; Francesco Sgrò is again convicted of slander.
  • 16 December 1987: the Court of Cassation declared the appeal process must be redone.
  • 4 April 1991: Luciano Franci and Mario Tuti are acquitted for lack of evidence; Piero Malentacchi and Margherita Luddi are acquitted at the request of the Public Prosecutor.
  • 24 March 1992: the final judgment of the Court of Cassation confirms the acquittals of Franci and Tuti.

See alsoEdit

  • Giorgio Bocca, author of 'Gli anni del terrorismo'
  • La notte della Repubblica (TV programme)

ReferencesEdit

Army 31b Requirements

  1. ↑Charles Richards (1 December 1990). 'Gladio is still opening wounds' (PHP). pp. 12. http://www.cambridgeclarion.org/press_cuttings/gladio.parliamentary.committee_indep_1dec1990.html. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
  2. ↑Ed Vulliamy (4 March 2007). 'Blood and glory' (XHTML). https://www.theguardian.com/world/2007/mar/04/race.otherparties. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
  3. ↑ 3.03.13.23.33.4Bocca, Giorgio (in Italian). Gli anni del terrorismo. pp. 291–293.
  4. ↑ 4.04.1Fasanella, Giovanni; Antonella Grippo (2006) (in Italian). I Silenzi degli Innocenti. BUR. p. 114.
  5. ↑ 5.05.1Moro, Maria Fida (2004) (in Italian). La Nebulosa del Caso Moro. Milan, Italy: Selene.
  6. ↑'30 Maggio: Giancarlo Esposti Presente!' (in Italian) (XHTML). In memoriam. Paris, France: Novopress. 30 May 2006. http://it.novopress.info/?p=4167. Retrieved 3 August 2009.[dead link]
    Google translation into English: 30 May: Giancarlo Esposti Presente!
  7. ↑ 7.07.17.2'Mario Tuti in semilibertà fuori dal carcere l'ex terrorista' (in Italian). Cronaca. Repubblica.it. 21 February 2004. http://www.repubblica.it/2004/b/sezioni/cronaca/tuti/tuti/tuti.html. Retrieved 3 August 2009.
    Google translation into English: Google Translate

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